Henry Johnson

# He fought through wounds to save a comrade in France in 1918

In the early hours of 15 May 1918, Private Henry Johnson faced a German raiding party in France. Badly wounded and nearly out of ammunition, he fought with his rifle and then a bolo knife to prevent the enemy from capturing his fellow soldier, Needham Roberts. His resistance became one of the most remarkable American acts of heroism of the First World War.

Born William Henry Johnson in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, around 15 July 1892, Johnson later moved to New York and worked several jobs, including as a porter at Albany's Union Station. On 5 June 1917, he enlisted in the New York National Guard's 15th Infantry Regiment, subsequently redesignated the 369th Infantry Regiment. The predominantly Black unit became famous as the Harlem Hellfighters. Because of segregation within the American military, the 369th served under French command during much of its combat deployment. Johnson belonged to Company C.

On 15 May 1918, Johnson and Roberts were guarding an exposed outpost when German raiders attacked. Roberts was severely wounded. Johnson fought back with grenades and his French rifle, but the weapon jammed. When soldiers attempted to carry Roberts away, Johnson confronted them with his bolo knife. Despite numerous wounds, he prevented Roberts's capture and helped drive the attackers away.

France recognized his courage with the Croix de Guerre with bronze palm. French orders dated 16 May 1918 praised his courage and determination. Historical photographs and early descriptions indicate an additional star, although its precise grade remains unverified from an original French order.

Johnson returned to the United States in February 1919 and was welcomed during the 369th Infantry's victory parade through New York City. Promoted to sergeant, he became a symbol of the regiment's achievements. Yet his combat injuries restricted his ability to work, and discrimination complicated his return to civilian life.

Johnson died on 1 July 1929 in Washington, D.C., and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Recognition from his own country came decades later. He received the Purple Heart posthumously in 1996 and the Distinguished Service Cross in 2002. The latter was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. On 2 June 2015, President Barack Obama presented that award on Johnson's behalf at a White House ceremony.

Johnson's courage saved a fellow soldier and helped establish the fighting reputation of the Harlem Hellfighters. His story also illustrates the long struggle for equal recognition of African American military service.

## Medal of Honor citation summary

For extraordinary heroism on 15 May 1918, Private Henry Johnson defended a forward outpost against a larger German force. Although seriously wounded, he fought the attackers at close quarters and prevented the capture of Private Needham Roberts. His resistance forced the enemy to withdraw and helped protect the position.